The Bravery And Loyalty Of Macbeth

The Bravery And Loyalty Of Macbeth Individuals watching the play in Shakespeares time would feel that Macbeth had no dread and is valuable and commendable. O valiant cousin, o commendable refined men. This recommends and gives individuals the feeling that Macbeth is a valiant and immovable warrior. Individuals would likewise believe that Macbeth is an amazing warrior in the fight and that hes extremely fruitful and exceptionally versatile. Individuals would likewise feel that Macbeth is a pounding and an effective individual that needs no assistance thusly in view of this he ought to be loved and rewarded as though hes the God of the universe. Individuals likewise around then would likewise have great perspectives on Macbeth since he demonstrated a ton of boldness and got undefeatable. They would likewise have a decent decision about Macbeth since hes relentless thus nobody in the zone had the option to keep him from slaughtering others, leaving the region with dead individuals. Individuals would likewise feel that Ma cbeth is successful and they would likewise imagine that the individuals in the fight had the right beyond words that the individuals in the fight were as awful as a fallen angel since it says o commendable refined men. This likewise implies Macbeth probably accomplished something useful for individuals in such a serious degree and it additionally recommends that Macbeth battled against whats right and terrible to be in such a high position, to be very much regarded by individuals thus the dead individuals had the right beyond words. Shakespeares utilizes a sort a language called reiteration on the grounds that the word O is rehashed. Additionally the word Valiant are these days obsolete, which implies that its less basic to be utilized. The motivation behind that kind of language is to make individuals reconsider and furthermore gives them an update and it makes it progressively engaged for the crowd to comprehend Macbeths impression and to keep it in their brain easily. In act one scene three the crowd become familiar with Macbeth, valid statements when he meets the witches since he shows his fortitude. At the point when he says stays you flawed speakers, reveal to me more this recommends Macbeth is amazing on the grounds that hes yelling at the watches and instructing the witches. Blemished speakers proposes that the witches are simply making bogus stories up and that the witches are being untruthful and inconsistent about what they are stating, thus it causes Macbeth to accept that the witches are making bogus stories up and that the witches are lying yet hes anxious to know and in light of the fact that he is incredible he is shrieking at the witches and ordering the witches in a forceful manner to recount to progressively about the story that Macbeth will be the lord. Macbeth would show up in the scene with a great deal of energy, fervor and with a ton of outrage. At the point when he sees the witches Macbeth would respond in an eager manner in light of the fact that the witches were disclosing to him anecdotes about his future. Macbeth would likewise think that its the same about what hes hearing additionally he would believe that theyre jokesters and are only here to make bogus stuff up, accordingly it would make Macbeth engaged. Macbeth would talk as though hes God since hes all incredible. At the point when Macbeth says reveal to me more it proposes that Macbeth is irately and frantically requesting the witches to disclose to him progressively about what theyre saying. The statement would likewise propose that Macbeth around then would move in a forceful manner and point at the witches to show and show the witches that Macbeth is greater, higher in rank and better thus he is to be very much regarded and respected. Reveal to me all the more lik ewise recommends that Macbeth would be talking in an arrogant manner. Macbeth would likewise be moving in an undermining way and would state discourses like in the event that you dont stay I will make you lament irately to express what is on his mind and to show that he is ground-breaking. He would state all that in light of the fact that the witches were declining to adhere to his guidance and that the witches were in effect extremely quick to attempt to leave the discussion. Shakespeare utilizes distortion on the grounds that in the statement its written in a to a greater extent a requesting path for Macbeth. The motivation behind this is to drive the witches to follow what Macbeth is stating and to show that Macbeth is intrigued likewise to get the witches hummed. In act 1 scene 3 we discover significantly progressively about how Macbeth feels when hes advised that hes going to be the thane of Cawdor. Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor as third expectation by the witches. In the event that possibility will make them lord, why chance may crown me, without my mix. This implies Macbeth may turn into the ruler in light of the fact that the witches have likewise anticipated this. He feels that the following the forecast that hes going to become lord can likewise be valid and he feels confounded however happy simultaneously. Macbeth would likewise feel that what he heard is valid; anyway he wouldnt effectively be the ruler. He would leave it all in karma. The statement likewise recommends that Macbeth isnt extremely self-urged to successfully be the ruler rather he would leave it all in karma to be the lord, and furthermore he would feel that there isn't point for him to work stuff up in any case or to battle to be the lord when there is no need sin ce he is amazing. This is a non-serious inquiry, since Macbeth is asking himself that quote and the motivation behind this is to make Macbeth reconsider, does he think its justified, despite all the trouble, what the results will be, how might he survive?, whats the advantage and so on. Correspondingly the design resembles taking a move in Chess in light of the fact that once youve done that there are a ton to think from and it gives you a buzz, impressions and it causes you to ask yourself whether its justified, despite all the trouble or not and so forth. In scene 1 scene 7 Macbeth doesnt need to murder King Duncan since he says I am his brother and his subject, this recommends Macbeth is firmly identified with King Duncan and that Macbeth has blood associations with King Duncan and that the two of them oblige each other emphatically. To explain Macbeth is attempting to state I am a cousin of the ruler and I will serve him. The statement likewise recommends that King Duncan resembles a dad to Macbeth thus its Macbeths obligation to deal with him and treat him with extraordinary regard as though hes the captive of King Duncan. It additionally proposes that he cannot coexist with the wrongdoing as he is the rulers man. The reason for this language is to reveal to Lady Macbeth that Macbeth is a cousin of the ruler thus hes doesnt need to execute King Duncan. Toward the start of the discussion Macbeth chooses not to kill King Duncan, he says we will continue no further around here. This implies Macbeth won't make a move to adhere to her guidance and that he will take no resistance with the discussion. It additionally recommends that Macbeth will not going to kill King Duncan and hes feeling regretful and frightened of what hes intending to do thus he doesnt need to go any further. His last discourse to Lady Macbeth recommends that Macbeth is set up to slaughter King Duncan; he says I am settled. This implies Macbeth is readied, sure to execute King Duncan, consistent and stable to go energetically and slaughter King Duncan. This additionally recommends Macbeth will remain 100 percent concentrated on King Duncan to do the homicide; likewise it proposes that Macbeth will be fruitful because of his core interests. The reason for this language is to tell the crowd how Macbeth feels and what hes attempting to state. This progressions in light of the fact that the principal response of Macbeth proposes that hes certainly not going to kill King Duncan and he thinks damnation feel regretful, exceptionally faltering and that hellfire take zero resilience. However, the last responses of Macbeth proposes the inverse, Macbeth feels that hes 100% sure to do it, likewise hes enthusiastic and centered to do as such. The motivation behind why this progressions since his aspiration for power develops just as being convinced to do as such. Out of sight Macbeth has a great deal of dependability and is regarded and all around regarded by others because of his courage. He likewise has a great deal of intensity and it develops significantly and later hes anxious to turn into the lord. Later on despite the fact that his fundamental aspiration was to become lord he doesnt need to arrive at a phase where he thinks its awful. Anyway his significant other convinces him and contends against Macbeth, convincing him to slaughter King Duncan and in the end she figures out how to pull him to her side. Her better half uses an assortment of strategies to convince Macbeth with the goal that he kills King Duncan. She blames Macbeth for being a quitter and delicate in light of the fact that he doesnt need to slaughter King Duncan and this affects Macbeth and most her addresses that she says to Macbeth is absolutely something contrary to what individuals considers him, and accordingly it causes Macbeth to feel that what her significant other is stating is correct, and for Macbeth with the end goal for him to refute that Lady Macbeth is he should execute King Duncan. Inevitably all that working up that her significant other does to Macbeth has an enormous impact, in the long run, Macbeth chooses to adhere to her guidance and do it since Macbeth needs to refute it and along these lines he needs to murder King Duncan. In act 2 scene 1,the scene opens with some easygoing discussion which discloses to us that its dull, and that something awful is going to occur. The crowd must be in a method of state like as though they are viewing a very blood and gore film; William Shakespeare made this scene unnerving just to coordinate with the murdering of the ruler. In any case, toward the start of this scene it begins with Banquo and his child Fleance in the yard of Macbeths mansion, and Fleance is conveying a light in this scene. Banquo asks Fleance, How goes the night, kid? Hes not asking Fleance how hes doing; hes asking how late it is. Fleance hasnt heard a clock strike, however the moon is down, so it must be past 12 PM. Banquo then hands his blade to Fleance, who is clearly filling in as his dads assistant. Banquo likewise gives Fleance something different, maybe the belt and sheath for the blade. Apparently Banquo is preparing to hit the hay, and he comments that Theres cultivation in paradise;/their c andles are hard and fast. Cultivation is frugality; Banquo implies that paradise has headed to sleep, and has put out its candles for the evening. The moon is during, the time is black, and there are no road lights in Macbeths château. To put it plainly, its

Research report-Tour Down Under Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Report-Tour Down Under - Research Paper Example A portion of the striking occasions incorporate AFL Grand Final, Clipsal and Tour Down Under. In view of its ubiquity among Australians and outsiders, Tour Down Under has been perceived as a significant game the travel industry occasion. Visit Down Under (TDU) is a cycling occasion held in South Australia. In light of its prevalence in the nation and over the globe, TDU pulls in enormous quantities of vacationers in this way having a positive ramifications for the South Australia economy just as social and social parts of the area. Being held in January every year, the occasion has kept on drawing in an enormous number of members along these lines making it go about as a significant wellspring of the travel industry fascination. To the inhabitants of Australia, TDU isn't just observed as a wearing action yet additionally as a foundation and global occasion that incredibly advantage nearby individuals and the administration (Hall, 1992). This paper looks to assess the effect of the To ur Down Under on various partners. What's more, the paper will talk about a technique of utilizing the occasion to pull in more visitors to South Australia. ... For example in 2011 and 2013, 782,300 and 760,400 onlookers separately encountered the Tour Down Under. Because of the enormous number of observers who originate from different nations, the occasion was perceived by the Qantas Australia Tourism Awards in 2011 and 2012 as the best celebration occasion. So as to pull in more onlookers, the Australia government as a team with Mike Turtur, the Tour Down Under chiefs, attempts broad advancement techniques. For instance, in 2013 occasion the coordinators held that when the Tour Down Under would hit the Adelaide Hills all the observers would encounter an European-style treat (John, 2013). Along these lines, the occasion has profited by a solid devotion from the observers hence making it progressively famous. A striking part of the observers is the formation of celebration climate by making solid kinship with the guests in this manner prompting guest fulfillment. 3.0 Impacts on members Tour Down Under members incorporate every one of the 19 UCI WorldTour. When the groups are prepared, they join the Australian National UniSA group in this manner framing the Australian National UniSA group. Each group comprises of seven riders (Gammon and Robinson, 2003). One of the central point that empower the occasion to pull in an enormous number of members just as observers is the visual characteristics of the scene inside which the occasion is held. The common habitat, the picturesque vineyard and the ocean, cause the occasion to give a solid encounter to the members (Gibson and Heather, 1998). A portion of the significant districts that make up the visit incorporate Barossa, Clare Valley, urban circuits, Saddleworth, Norwood and Hahndorf among different towns. Visit Down Under welcomes the champs of every year to join other

New Student Photo Entry #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A few photos have started to roll in and I will work on getting them posted over time.   Thank you so much to all who have already responded!   First up, Diana Rodriguez, incoming MDP student. Place taken: Pacaya-Samiria Reserve, in the northern Peruvian Amazon (close to Iquitos) Description: These are children of the Cocama ethnic group who live in San Martin de Tipishca, a small town right by the Samiria River in the Peruvian Amazon Basin.   Leonela Ahuanari, the girl at the left end of the picture makes and sells necklaces and bracelets with seeds found in the rainforest. With proceeds from her sales she buys school supplies for herself and her cousins (also shown in the picture).   Leonelas father, Manuel and his brother, William, started an ecotourism project to generate income for their community. Place taken: San Roque de Cumbaza, San Martin Region, Peru Description: half an hour away from the city of Tarapoto, Peru, there is a small town right by the Cumbaza river in the Peruvian Amazon Basin.   Walking through the town to reach the river, I saw this chair holding a delicious fruit called zapote that is widely available in February and March. The composition of the chair against the doorway was stunningly beautiful.

Motivational Quotes That Can Change Your Life Forever

An Analysis Of PoBoy Blues By Langston Hughes - 768 Words

The poem â€Å"Po’ Boy Blues† was composed by Langston Hughes during 1926, his early writing era. His poetry was inspired by his family’s history, a history full of abandonment, betrayal, and violence. His father abandoned him seeking to find a life less confrontational to a black man, leaving Langston Hughes to face being raised by his grandmother in the very same hostile environment his father sought to escape. His mother betrayed him as she never embraced him with a mother’s love not only once leaving him as a young child, but twice when he came to live with her after his grandmother died. His grandmother immersed Langston in his family’s dark history, sometimes laying the â€Å"bullet ridden shawl† on him from where his grandfather died†¦show more content†¦Just repeating these words causes the reader to feel the â€Å"weariness† and heavy burden pressing upon the speaker. Often when the lines are repeated the image is cem ented in the readers’ mind as words like â€Å"Sunshine seemed like gold† (line 2) are identifiable to everyone as a picture of happiness. Symbolism can be found in the lines â€Å"Since I come up North de / Whole damn world’s turned cold† (5-6), referring to his expectations of success not coming true. Inferring the North was a wonderful place to live until he arrived. (frag..must fix) The poem, â€Å"Po’ Boy Blues† uses rhyme in the fourth and sixth lines of each stanza. In the first stanza(,) rhyme is used to point out the emotional state of the speakers outlook, â€Å"Sunshine seemed like gold,† (line 4) and â€Å"Whole damn world’s turned cold,† (line 5). The poet used this method again in stanza 3 to compare his experience in love; â€Å"A gal I thought was kind,† (line 16) and â€Å"An’ almost lose ma mind.† (line 17). Finally he shows us his complete despair in stanza 4; â€Å"Early, early in de morn† (line 22) and â€Å"I wish I’d never been born† (line 24). This rhyme helps to flow the emotion from the speaker to the reader. The reader senses the speaker’s complete lack of hope(,) he has given up on life. Hughes’s use of alliteration throughout his poem, â€Å"Sunshine seemed like gold. / Since I come up North de /

Foundation and Empire Acknowledgments Free Essays

The date was August 1, 1941. World War II had been raging for two years. France had fallen, the Battle of Britain had been fought, and the Soviet Union had just been invaded by Nazi Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire Acknowledgments or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bombing of Pearl Harbor was four months in the future. But on that day, with Europe in flames, and the evil shadow of Adolf Hitler apparently falling over all the world, what was chiefly on my mind was a meeting toward which I was hastening. I was 21 years old, a graduate student in chemistry at Columbia University, and I had been writing science fiction professionally for three years. In that time, I had sold five stories to John Campbell, editor of Astounding, and the fifth story, â€Å"Nightfall,† was about to appear in the September 1941 issue of the magazine. I had an appointment to see Mr. Campbell to tell him the plot of a new story I was planning to write, and the catch was that I had no plot in mind, not the trace of one. I therefore tried a device I sometimes use. I opened a book at random and set up free association, beginning with whatever I first saw. The book I had with me was a collection of the Gilbert and Sullivan plays. I happened to open it to the picture of the Fairy Queen of lolanthe throwing herself at the feet of Private Willis. I thought of soldiers, of military empires, of the Roman Empire – of a Galactic Empire – aha! Why shouldn’t I write of the fall of the Galactic Empire and of the return of feudalism, written from the viewpoint of someone in the secure days of the Second Galactic Empire? After all, I had read Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire not once, but twice. I was bubbling over by the time I got to Campbell’s, and my enthusiasm must have been catching for Campbell blazed up as I had never seen him do. In the course of an hour we built up the notion of a vast series of connected stories that were to deal in intricate detail with the thousand-year period between the First and Second Galactic Empires. This was to be illuminated by the science of psychohistory, which Campbell and I thrashed out between us. On August 11, 1941, therefore, I began the story of that interregnum and called it â€Å"Foundation.† In it, I described how the psychohistorian, Hari Seldon, established a pair of Foundations at opposite ends of the Universe under such circumstances as to make sure that the forces of history would bring about the second Empire after one thousand years instead of the thirty thousand that would be required otherwise. The story was submitted on September 8 and, to make sure that Campbell really meant what he said about a series, I ended â€Å"Foundation† on a cliff-hanger. Thus, it seemed to me, he would be forced to buy a second story. However, when I started the second story (on October 24), I found that I had outsmarted myself. I quickly wrote myself into an impasse, and the Foundation series would have died an ignominious death had I not had a conversation with Fred Pohl on November 2 (on the Brooklyn Bridge, as it happened). I don’t remember what Fred actually said, but, whatever it was, it pulled me out of the hole. â€Å"Foundation† appeared in the May 1942 issue of Astounding and the succeeding story, â€Å"Bridle and Saddle,† in the June 1942 issue. After that there was only the routine trouble of writing the stories. Through the remainder of the decade, John Campbell kept my nose to the grindstone and made sure he got additional Foundation stories. â€Å"The Big and the Little† was in the August 1944 Astounding, â€Å"The Wedge† in the October 1944 issue, and â€Å"Dead Hand† in the April 1945 issue. (These stories were written while I was working at the Navy Yard in Philadelphia.) On January 26, 1945, I began â€Å"The Mule,† my personal favorite among the Foundation stories, and the longest yet, for it was 50,000 words. It was printed as a two-part serial (the very first serial I was ever responsible for) in the November and December 1945 issues. By the time the second part appeared I was in the army. After I got out of the army, I wrote â€Å"Now You See It-† which appeared in the January 1948 issue. By this time, though, I had grown tired of the Foundation stories so I tried to end them by setting up, and solving, the mystery of the location of the Second Foundation. Campbell would have none of that, however. He forced me to change the ending, and made me promise I would do one more Foundation story. Well, Campbell was the kind of editor who could not be denied, so I wrote one more Foundation story, vowing to myself that it would be the last. I called it â€Å"-And Now You Don’t,† and it appeared as a three-part serial in the November 1949, December 1949, and January 1950 issues of Astounding. By then, I was on the biochemistry faculty of Boston University School of Medicine, my first book had just been published, and I was determined to move on to new things. I had spent eight years on the Foundation, written nine stories with a total of about 220,000 words. My total earnings for the series came to $3,641 and that seemed enough. The Foundation was over and done with, as far as I was concerned. In 1950, however, hardcover science fiction was just coming into existence. I had no objection to earning a little more money by having the Foundation series reprinted in book form. I offered the series to Doubleday (which had already published a science-fiction novel by me, and which had contracted for another) and to Little-Brown, but both rejected it. In that year, though, a small publishing firm, Gnome Press, was beginning to be active, and it was prepared to do the Foundation series as three books. The publisher of Gnome felt, however, that the series began too abruptly. He persuaded me to write a small Foundation story, one that would serve as an introductory section to the first book (so that the first part of the Foundation series was the last written). In 1951, the Gnome Press edition of Foundation was published, containing the introduction and the first four stories of the series. In 1952, Foundation and Empire appeared, with the fifth and sixth stories; and in 1953, Second Foundation appeared, with the seventh and eighth stories. The three books together came to be called The Foundation Trilogy. The mere fact of the existence of the Trilogy pleased me, but Gnome Press did not have the financial clout or the publishing knowhow to get the books distributed properly, so that few copies were sold and fewer still paid me royalties. (Nowadays, copies of first editions of those Gnome Press books sell at $50 a copy and up-but I still get no royalties from them.) Ace Books did put out paperback editions of Foundation and of Foundation and Empire, but they changed the titles, and used cut versions. Any money that was involved was paid to Gnome Press and I didn’t see much of that. In the first decade of the existence of The Foundation Trilogy it may have earned something like $1500 total. And yet there was some foreign interest. In early 1961, Timothy Seldes, who was then my editor at Doubleday, told me that Doubleday had received a request for the Portuguese rights for the Foundation series and, since they weren’t Doubleday books, he was passing them on to me. I sighed and said, â€Å"The heck with it, Tim. I don’t get royalties on those books.† Seldes was horrified, and instantly set about getting the books away from Gnome Press so that Doubleday could publish them instead. He paid no attention to my loudly expressed fears that Doubleday â€Å"would lose its shirt on them.† In August 1961 an agreement was reached and the Foundation books became Doubleday property. What’s more, Avon Books, which had published a paperback version of Second Foundation, set about obtaining the rights to all three from Doubleday, and put out nice editions. From that moment on, the Foundation books took off and began to earn increasing royalties. They have sold well and steadily, both in hardcover and softcover, for two decades so far. Increasingly, the letters I received from the readers spoke of them in high praise. They received more attention than all my other books put together. Doubleday also published an omnibus volume, The Foundation Trilogy, for its Science Fiction Book Club. That omnibus volume has been continuously featured by the Book Club for over twenty years. Matters reached a climax in 1966. The fans organizing the World Science Fiction Convention for that year (to be held in Cleveland) decided to award a Hugo for the best all-time series, where the series, to qualify, had to consist of at least three connected novels. It was the first time such a category had been set up, nor has it been repeated since. The Foundation series was nominated, and I felt that was going to have to be glory enough for me, since I was sure that Tolkien’s â€Å"Lord of the Rings† would win. It didn’t. The Foundation series won, and the Hugo I received for it has been sitting on my bookcase in the livingroom ever since. In among all this litany of success, both in money and in fame, there was one annoying side-effect. Readers couldn’t help but notice that the books of the Foundation series covered only three hundred-plus years of the thousand-year hiatus between Empires. That meant the Foundation series â€Å"wasn’t finished.† I got innumerable letters from readers who asked me to finish it, from others who demanded I finish it, and still others who threatened dire vengeance if I didn’t finish it. Worse yet, various editors at Doubleday over the years have pointed out that it might be wise to finish it. It was flattering, of course, but irritating as well. Years had passed, then decades. Back in the 1940s, I had been in a Foundation-writing mood. Now I wasn’t. Starting in the late 1950s, I had been in a more and more nonfiction-writing mood. That didn’t mean I was writing no fiction at all. In the 1960s and 1970s, in fact, I wrote two science-fiction novels and a mystery novel, to say nothing of well over a hundred short stories – but about eighty percent of what I wrote was nonfiction. One of the most indefatigable nags in the matter of finishing the Foundation series was my good friend, the great science-fiction writer, Lester del Rey. He was constantly telling me I ought to finish the series and was just as constantly suggesting plot devices. He even told Larry Ashmead, then my editor at Doubleday, that if I refused to write more Foundation stories, he, Lester, would be willing to take on the task. When Ashmead mentioned this to me in 1973, I began another Foundation novel out of sheer desperation. I called it â€Å"Lightning Rod† and managed to write fourteen pages before other tasks called me away. The fourteen pages were put away and additional years passed. In January 1977, Cathleen Jordan, then my editor at Doubleday, suggested I do â€Å"an important book – a Foundation novel, perhaps.† I said, â€Å"I’d rather do an autobiography,† and I did – 640,000 words of it. In January 1981, Doubleday apparently lost its temper. At least, Hugh O’Neill, then my editor there, said, â€Å"Betty Prashker wants to see you,† and marched me into her office. She was then one of the senior editors, and a sweet and gentle person. She wasted no time. â€Å"Isaac,† she said, â€Å"you are going to write a novel for us and you are going to sign a contract to that effect.† â€Å"Betty,† I said, â€Å"I am already working on a big science book for Doubleday and I have to revise the Biographical Encyclopedia for Doubleday and -â€Å" â€Å"It can all wait,† she said. â€Å"You are going to sign a contract to do a novel. What’s more, we’re going to give you a $50,000 advance.† That was a stunner. I don’t like large advances. They put me under too great an obligation. My average advance is something like $3,000. Why not? It’s all out of royalties. I said, â€Å"That’s way too much money, Betty.† â€Å"No, it isn’t,† she said. â€Å"Doubleday will lose its shirt,† I said. â€Å"You keep telling us that all the time. It won’t.† I said, desperately, â€Å"All right. Have the contract read that I don’t get any money until I notify you in writing that I have begun the novel.† â€Å"Are you crazy?† she said. â€Å"You’ll never start if that clause is in the contract. You get $25,000 on signing the contract, and $25,000 on delivering a completed manuscript.† â€Å"But suppose the novel is no good.† â€Å"Now you’re being silly,† she said, and she ended the conversation. That night, Pat LoBrutto, the science-fiction editor at Doubleday called to express his pleasure. â€Å"And remember,† he said, â€Å"that when we say ‘novel’ we mean ‘science-fiction novel,’ not anything else. And when we say ‘science-fiction novel,’ we mean ‘Foundation novel’ and not anything else.† On February 5, 1981, I signed the contract, and within the week, the Doubleday accounting system cranked out the check for $25,000. I moaned that I was not my own master anymore and Hugh O’Neill said, cheerfully, â€Å"That’s right, and from now on, we’re going to call every other week and say, ‘Where’s the manuscript?'† (But they didn’t. They left me strictly alone, and never even asked for a progress report.) Nearly four months passed while I took care of a vast number of things I had to do, but about the end of May, I picked up my own copy of The Foundation Trilogy and began reading. I had to. For one thing, I hadn’t read the Trilogy in thirty years and while I remembered the general plot, I did not remember the details. Besides, before beginning a new Foundation novel I had to immerse myself in the style and atmosphere of the series. I read it with mounting uneasiness. I kept waiting for something to happen, and nothing ever did. All three volumes, all the nearly quarter of a million words, consisted of thoughts and of conversations. No action. No physical suspense. What was all the fuss about, then? Why did everyone want more of that stuff? – To be sure, I couldn’t help but notice that I was turning the pages eagerly, and that I was upset when I finished the book, and that I wanted more, but I was the author, for goodness’ sake. You couldn’t go by me. I was on the edge of deciding it was all a terrible mistake and of insisting on giving back the money, when (quite by accident, I swear) I came across some sentences by science-fiction writer and critic, James Gunn, who, in connection with the Foundation series, said, â€Å"Action and romance have little to do with the success of the Trilogy – virtually all the action takes place offstage, and the romance is almost invisible – but the stories provide a detective-story fascination with the permutations and reversals of ideas.† Oh, well, if what was needed were â€Å"permutations and reversals of ideas,† then that I could supply. Panic receded, and on June 10, 1981, I dug out the fourteen pages I had written more than eight years before and reread them. They sounded good to me. I didn’t remember where I had been headed back then, but I had worked out what seemed to me to be a good ending now, and, starting page 15 on that day, I proceeded to work toward the new ending. I found, to my infinite relief, that I had no trouble getting back into a â€Å"Foundation-mood,† and, fresh from my rereading, I had Foundation history at my finger-tips. There were differences, to be sure: 1) The original stories were written for a science-fiction magazine and were from 7,000 to 50,000 words long, and no more. Consequently, each book in the trilogy had at least two stories and lacked unity. I intended to make the new book a single story. 2) I had a particularly good chance for development since Hugh said, â€Å"Let the book find its own length, Isaac. We don’t mind a long book.† So I planned on 140,000 words, which was nearly three times the length of â€Å"The Mule,† and this gave me plenty of elbow-room, and I could add all sorts of little touches. 3) The Foundation series had been written at a time when our knowledge of astronomy was primitive compared with what it is today. I could take advantage of that and at least mention black holes, for instance. I could also take advantage of electronic computers, which had not been invented until I was half through with the series. The novel progressed steadily, and on January 17, 1982, I began final copy. I brought the manuscript to Hugh O’Neill in batches, and the poor fellow went half-crazy since he insisted on reading it in this broken fashion. On March 25, 1982, I brought in the last bit, and the very next day got the second half of the advance. I had kept â€Å"Lightning Rod† as my working title all the way through, but Hugh finally said, â€Å"Is there any way of putting ‘Foundation’ into the title, Isaac?† I suggested Foundations at Bay, therefore, and that may be the title that will actually be used 1. You will have noticed that I have said nothing about the plot of the new Foundation novel. Well, naturally. I would rather you buy and read the book. And yet there is one thing I have to confess to you. I generally manage to tie up all the loose ends into one neat little bow-knot at the end of my stories, no matter how complicated the plot might be. In this case, however, I noticed that when I was all done, one glaring little item remained unresolved. I am hoping no one else notices it because it clearly points the way to the continuation of the series. It is even possible that I inadvertently gave this away for at the end of the novel, I wrote: â€Å"The End (for now).† I very much fear that if the novel proves successful, Doubleday will be at my throat again, as Campbell used to be in the old days. And yet what can I do but hope that the novel is very successful indeed. What a quandary! How to cite Foundation and Empire Acknowledgments, Essay examples

Security Threats And Its Ranking According â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Security Threats And Its Ranking According? Answer: Introduction In this era of information and communication technology, security is an essential requirement for any type of organization whether private or public. Government is responsible for tackling different types of data and must be taken care of without any problem. Data breach of any type of sensitive data can cause problems. VIC government is the government of the state Victoria in Australia. It deals with different types of data and must be taken care of in a proper manner. This report discusses about the types of security threats that VIC government faces and it also ranks the various category of risks based on their degree of exposure. This report also points out the various types of exposure in high, low, medium risk exposure category. There are several types of risk under which the deliberate and accidental risks are mainly important. This report compares and contrasts both the risk in a comprehensive manner. This report also discusses about the several challenges that VIC government faces while deciding about the internal and external risk advisors. A brief difference between risk and uncertainty is also mentions in this report. The risk management and assessment of the VIC government is also discussed in this report. Illustration of Security Risks and Threats in VIC Government The diagram below shows the risks and threats of the VIC Government. Figure 1: Factors of Risk and Threats in information system of VIC Government (Source: Created by the author in Ms-Visio) Explanation of the Diagram and Categorization of Risk Factors Description of the components of diagram The diagram given above shows the different security threats faced by the VIC governments. The diagram shows that the VIC government has a code of practice along with the information system. There are four main categories of risks shown in the diagram. They are accidental, deliberate, internal and external risks or threats. This diagram also shows the risk management and assessment system of the VIC government. VIC Government: VIC or the Victoria Government is the state government of the state of Victoria in Australia. This government has several type of information in the system of the government. The information is sensitive in nature and if these data are lost or manipulated then this can lead to severe trouble for the entire state and even the country (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). This government has the control and rights over the information of the user. The members of the VIC government are the users of the information system of the government. Information System: The information system in the government is the information management system that consists of the software and database that stores several sensitive data of the members of the government. The VIC government is responsible for the handling the data and information present in the system of the government (Bommer, Crowley Pinho, 2015). Only authorized users are not able to access the VIC government data. Effective and efficient management of the system allows the government to work in a proper and well planned manner. Code of Practices: A set of norms that is followed in order to maintain a proper working of the government is called the code of practices. This code of practices is well integrated and complies with ISO, IEC.AC, and AZS 17799:2001 that is declared by the code of ethics. This code of ethics states and tells the only authorized people will be able to access information in the database and information system present in the organization. This would not allow the non users of the organizations to access information that are sensitive in nature. Unauthorized access can lead to misuse as well as deletion of information. Threats and Risks: Threats are very severe issue for an organization as well as the government. Government is responsible for managing a state. In this case study the VIC state government of the Victoria state of Australia is responsible for managing the entire state of Victoria (Bommer, Crowley Pinho, 2015). The risks and threats of the government are discussed in this report in details. The risks and threats are the most important factors that affect the information flow of the organization. Accidental Threats: These are the types of threats that do not have any wrong motive. These threats take place in an accidental manner (Alcorn, Good Pain, 2013). It does not affect the information flow in the system due to accidental flow. There can be failure of communication due to this type of threat. There can be technical error and unseen situations that can take place in the future. There can also be transmission errors. Deletion of information due to some mistake of the employees is a good example of accidental threat. Accidental threats are not much harmful because this can be rectified after identification. Deliberate Threats: These are the types of threats that are dangerous in nature. These deliberate threats are done purposely by any hacker or malicious software (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). These are done for the purpose of harming the organization or government. These threats do affect the operation of the government. It is very difficult to rectify these types of problems. These types of threats take place due to theft and fraud. Eavesdropping, unauthorized access, malwares, software piracy and denial of services are some of the type of deliberate threats. External Threats: These are the types of threats that are not under the control of the government. These are external to the government (Lam, 2014). These threats take place due to external forces like political instability and environmental policies. There are other main types of external threats like competition among the several organizations and parties. These threats cannot be controlled by the government as these are extrinsic in nature. Internal Threats: These are the types of threats that are intrinsic in nature. There are several types of internal threats like problem among the employees, technological obsolescence, lack of resources and financial limitations. These threats are under the control of the government and they can take necessary steps to overcome such threats (Man et al., 2013). There will not be much harm due to these types of threat as the employees are quiet aware of the situation and then the employees can find a method of rectifying the issues (Alcorn, Good Pain, 2013). Internal threats are the cause of internal combustion. There can be failure of communication due to these types of threats. Classification of Risk Exposure Areas Risks can be classified in terms of various exposures due to its impact on the government. These types of exposures are classified according to the degree of impact into high risk exposure area, medium low risk area, medium risk area and low risk area (Lam, 2014). High Risk Exposure: This is a type of threat that has great impact on the operations of the government. This is a type of threat where the government will be affected in a serious manner and that cannot be rectified. This type of risk cannot be controlled by the government. The external and deliberate risks are under this category. These are the types of threats that are not under the control of the government. These are external to the government (Lam, 2014). These threats take place due to external forces like political instability and environmental policies. These threats cannot be controlled by the government as these are extrinsic in nature. There are other main types of external threats like competition among the several organizations and parties. . The deliberate threats are done purposely by any hacker or malicious software (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). These are done for the purpose of harming the organization or government. Eavesdropping, unauthorized access, malwares, so ftware piracy and denial of services are some of the type of deliberate threats (Zargar, Joshi Tipper, 2013). These threats do affect the operation of the government. It is very difficult to rectify these types of problems. These types of threats take place due to theft and fraud. Medium Risk Exposure: The medium risk exposure means that the impact is moderate on the government. These types of threats affect the operation and flow of information in the government in a moderate manner. These are generally the internal type of risks. The technical errors that take place are rectifiable in nature and can be classified under this category (Bommer, Crowley Pinho, 2015). These are the types of threats that are intrinsic in nature. These threats are under the control of the government and they can take necessary steps to overcome such threats (Man et al., 2013). There are several types of internal threats like problem among the employees, technological obsolescence, lack of resources and financial limitations. Internal threats are the cause of internal combustion. There can be failure of communication due to these types of threats. There will not be much harm due to these types of threat as the employees are quiet aware of the situation and then the employees can fi nd a method of rectifying the issues (Alcorn, Good Pain, 2013). Medium Low Risk Exposure: These are the types of threat whose impact is medium to low in nature. Consider a situation of spamming that goes on in the environment. They can take place at any time. Low Risk Exposure: These types of threats do not have any great impact on the flow of operations and information of the government. These types of threats are not deliberate in nature. They are accidental threats. These are the types of threats that do not have any wrong motive. These threats take place in an accidental manner (Alcorn, Good Pain, 2013). It does not affect the information flow in the system due to accidental flow. There can also be transmission errors. Deletion of information due to some mistake of the employees is a good example of accidental threat. Accidental threats are not much harmful because this can be rectified after identification. There harmfulness degree is less. Comparison and Ranking of Accidental and Deliberate Threats Accidental Threats: These are those kinds of threats that occur because of unwanted errors committed by the employees. There are no malicious intentions behind such types of risks (Man et al., 2013). The exposure level of this threat is low as this does not affect the government in a severe manner. These threats take place in an accidental manner (Alcorn, Good Pain, 2013). It does not affect the information flow in the system due to accidental flow. There can be failure of communication due to this type of threat. There can be technical error and unseen situations that can take place in the future. There can also be transmission errors. These are the types of threats that do not have any wrong motive. Rank: This threat is given 2nd position. Example: Wrong entry of data by the employees, deletion or modification of data due to some mistake. Reason for the rank 2: This type of threat does not have any specific wrong motive behind the act. Here the employees are unmindful and careless and does some mistake by their own fault. Deliberate Threat: These threats take place due to hacking or other malware that have wrong intention in harming the operation and information of the entire organization or the government. It is very difficult to rectify these types of problems. The deliberate threats are done purposely by any hacker or malicious software (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). These are done for the purpose of harming the organization or government. Example: Malicious software or malware (Green, Payne Wood, 2013), hacking, denial of service attack, virus, Trojan horses. Reason for Rank 1: There are specific wrong motives behind this type of threat. It attacks and harms the government in a dangerous way. The problems faced b y the government due to this type of threat is extremely in nature. Security or Risk Management Challenges of VIC Government Several challenges are faced by the government in deciding and selecting a risk management method among the two. Internal Security Management: These types of management techniques involve the employees or members of the government to participate in the organization in order to manage security related issues (Lam, 2014). The benefit of this plan is that the money spent will be less. The challenges will be conflict of roles. There will be competition among the employees as to who is powerful and this will indirectly affect the productivity of the organization. External Security Management: The benefits of hiring external agents for managing risk will help the government in many ways. They will be able to gather satisfactory information and solve the problem in a proper way (Ali et al., 2014). There can be issues related to loss of control and misunderstandings leading to more chaos (Rakow, Heard Newell, 2015). There can be problems like mislead also. Risk and Uncertainty Risk is known to be the winning or losing probability of anything that is worthy of consideration. It has an extremely uncertain nature (Rasmussen, 2013). VIC considers the security related threats to be the risks that are associated with the government. Risks can be controlled by taking specific procedures (Silbey, 2013). Risk can never be eliminated but it can be minimized to some extent. Any situation whose future happenings are not known can be considered to be uncertain. The future of any event will not be visible to the VIC government leading to tremendous risk of the operations (Covello et al., 2013). Uncertainties cannot be controlled by the government of Victoria. Uncertainty is the base of risk. Risk Control and Mitigation of VIC Government The VIC government can take massive steps to mitigate risks. They need to select the right people for the right task (Perera Nand, 2015). The analysis approach of risk management chooses the best option among several options. The strategy approach on the other hand makes up various strategies to overcome the risks. The investigation approach examines and scrutinizes various ways to find out the best way to deal with risk in the government. The initial step involves planning followed by risk assessment and handling (Nowak, 2013). Proper identification needs to be done before the analysis phase. Then is the procedure of risk mitigation and risk evaluation (Cheng, Liu Yao, 2017). These types of approaches can be used by the VIC government in order to overcome and prevent any breach of security. Conclusion This report concludes that the several threats of security that are faced by the VIC government can be resolved by a procedural risk management approach. The risks are categorized into several categories of high risk, medium, medium low and low risk exposure area depending on their impact on the government of Victoria, Australia. This report also described the challenges of the internal and external risk advisors along with their benefits and challenges. Risks and uncertainty are two different things and these are also explained in a brief manner. The report finally concludes that risks can be mitigated by following certain approaches that are well suited for the government. References Alcorn, A.M., Good, J. and Pain, H., (2013, July). Deliberate system-side errors as a potential pedagogic strategy for exploratory virtual learning environments. InInternational Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education(pp. 483-492). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Ali, E., Denis, A. F., Kujur, F. E., Chaudhary, M. (2014). Risk Management Strategies for Accidental Risk Occurrence on Construction SitesA Case Study of Allahabad.Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR),3(2), 89. Bommer, J. J., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. (2015). A risk-mitigation approach to the management of induced seismicity.Journal of Seismology,19(2), 623-646. Cheng, L., Liu, F., Yao, D. D. (2017). Enterprise data breach: causes, challenges, prevention, and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,7(5). Covello, V. T., Lave, L. B., Moghissi, A. A., Uppuluri, V. R. R. (Eds.). (2013).Uncertainty in risk assessment, risk management, and decision making(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Green, D. E., Payne, R., Wood, T. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,402,529. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Healey, A. N. (2016). The insider threat to nuclear safety and security.Security Journal,29(1), 23-38. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Mans, R. S., van der Aalst, W. M., Vanwersch, R. J., Moleman, A. J. (2013). Process mining in healthcare: Data challenges when answering frequently posed questions. InProcess Support and Knowledge Representation in Health Care(pp. 140-153). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Nowak, B. (2013). A 5-step strategy for harnessing global information growth.Information Management,47(4), 42. Perera, R., Nand, P. (2015, April). A multi-strategy approach for lexicalizing linked open data. InInternational Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics(pp. 348-363). Springer International Publishing. Rakow, T., Heard, C. L., Newell, B. R. (2015). Meeting Three Challenges in Risk Communication Phenomena, Numbers, and Emotions.Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2(1), 147-156. Rasmussen, S. (2013). Risk and uncertainty. InProduction Economics(pp. 163-180). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Silbey, S. S. (2013). Organizational Challenges to Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance A New Common Sense about Regulation.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,649(1), 6-20. Spring, J. (2014).Fall 2014 SEI Research Review: Malware Analysis. CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INST. Steinberg, A. N. (2016). A model for threat assessment. InFusion Methodologies in Crisis Management(pp. 313-340). Springer International Publishing. Von Solms, R., Van Niekerk, J. (2013). From information security to cyber security.computers security,38, 97-102. Zargar, S. T., Joshi, J., Tipper, D. (2013). A survey of defense mechanisms against distributed denial of service (DDoS) flooding attacks.IEEE communications surveys tutorials,15(4), 2046-2069.

Slavery No Voice, No Justice Essay Example

Slavery No Voice, No Justice Essay Slavery has been an issue since the begining of America until it reached boiling point during the 1800’s. Most of the slaves had very little or hardly any education but knew they wanted their freedom. One of the most famous abolitionist was Frederick Douglass a former american slaves, he managed to escape slavery and got educated. William Lloyd Garrison was a also an abolitionist, journalist, and suffragist.He believed the slaves should get receive the same rights as American Citizens. Both men agreed that slavery was unjust and unconstitutional. Douglass knows America needs a voice some that can show the slave side point of view. While Garrison observes the abolitionist movement he certainly pushes for it like Douglass does Together they fought against slavery, although they have different perspectives on the subject, both very prominent abolitionist. Frederick Douglass has a very distinct point of view on slavery because he experienced it firsthand. According to the Letter from Frederick Douglass to William Garrison, Douglass states â€Å" I have been frequently counselled to leave America altogether, and make Britain my home. But this I cannot do, unless it shall be absolutely necessary for my personal freedom. I doubt not that my old master is in a state of mind quite favorable to an attempt at re-capture. Not that he wishes to make money by selling me, or by holding me himself, but to feed his revenge.†1 He tells Garrison his owner in reality wants to have power over him. Douglass is described himself as being dehumanized by his owner. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery No Voice, No Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery No Voice, No Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery No Voice, No Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Douglass willingness for change was evident and he expressed it in directly according to the speech The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro â€Å"Fellow-citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to speak here to-day? What have I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in that Declar

Essay on Policy-making in the Federal SystemEssay Writing Service

Essay on Policy-making in the Federal SystemEssay Writing Service Essay on Policy-making in the Federal System Essay on Policy-making in the Federal SystemToday the U.S. government plays a significant role in finding solutions to various public policy-related issues, involving conflicting crosscurrents. Besides, popular government’s responsibility to solve various problems caused by public policy often exceeds the capacity of state and local authorities to respond effectively. Public policies developed at the national level may fail to address the key issues influenced by the great diversity of interests at the local level. Moreover, the effectiveness of the policy is debatable in terms of the constitutional framework of federalism. Obamacare is a public policy that deserves special attention because its effectiveness is debatable. Thesis statement: Obamacare is a new public policy, the effectiveness of which is debatable in terms of the principle of federalism.Obamacare: background information  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obamacare is one of the federal policies that pr ovide support to Americans in the field of health care. The policy raises the issues of federalism because it requires national, state, and local interaction and invites tension across different levels of government.The key elements of the policyThe problem Obamacare is supposed to solve is the problem of uninsured, poor American citizens. Although the majority of Americans use the benefits under Medicaid, the so-called working poor Americans do not have health care insurance. This group of American citizens involves those people who â€Å"make too much to meet income threshold for benefits but not enough to reasonably afford health care† (Obamacare Simplified, 2013, p. 24).The history of the policyObamacare, or the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, was signed into law by the U.S President Obama in 2010. Today this federal statute represents an important regulatory tool of the U.S. health care system. The policy raises issues of federalism because it is based on the argument that â€Å"the law’s expansion of Medicaid violates the principle of federalism embodied in provisions such as Tenth Amendment† (Foley, 2012, p. 36).Evaluation of the various pros and cons about the policyObamacare as a federal policy is a controversial one. The debate about the effectiveness of the policy involves both pros and cons.The main pros of the policy include: the affordability of health insurance, the expansion of insurance coverage, the use of tax credits by employees, saving money by millions of senior Americans on Medicare insurance programs, gaining access to women’s health services by millions of American women, etc. (Skousen, 2013).The main cons of the policy include: opting out of Medicaid expansion plans, creation of new boards or agencies, establishment of new programs, changes in the insurance of employees by firms, which may lead to fines, damage to employment opportunities, violation of religious principles in case of increased c ontraception rate, considerable increase in the tax rate, etc. (Skousen, 2013).Actually, the pros and cons can be evaluated from two different perspectives.The policy’s effectivenessThe term â€Å"policy effectiveness† refers to a public policy, which provides the opportunities for achieving the desired outcome. Effectiveness can be measured by assessing the policy performance criteria. Obamacare provides the opportunities for increasing the affordability of health insurance through the considerable reduction of the uninsured rate and expansion of public and private health insurance coverage. The costs of health care services for Americans and the government should be reduced.The policy’s consistency with the constitutional framework of federalism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American federalism’s constitutional framework stands for enhancing democracy through the established laws and regulations. Under the constitutional framework of Ameri can federalism, the states can be viewed as sovereign entities, which have their own powers based on the Constitution, and which cannot be transgressed by the federal government. The federal government cannot use the constitutional power in order to force the states to implement certain federal policies (Ferrara, 2012).The federal policy discussed in this paper is not consistent with the constitutional framework of federalism. According to recent studies, â€Å"Obamacare transgresses state sovereignty and violates the constitutional framework of federalism† (Ferrara, 2012, p.1). In other words, the policy’s expansion of the Medicaid program violates the Tenth Amendment.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Obamacare involves conflicting crosscurrents. The policy creates certain problems caused by its inconsistency with the constitutional framework of federalism, although the effectiveness of the policy is promisin g. Obamacare promises to reduce health care costs through more effective health care delivery plan.

Different Types of Data in Criminal Justice Assignment

Different Types of Data in Criminal Justice - Assignment Example 2. The age issue could lead to confusing findings in substance abuse research. This is because most countries have laws that prescribe the legal drinking age. For instance the legal drinking age in United States is 21 while in United Kingdom it is 18 (Bamforth, 2009). As a result, youths who are below the drinking age may give wrong age for fear that legal action may be taken against them. Therefore, giving such information may be difficult to the respondents. This is a powerful graph used to show the proportion or relative sizes of data. For this survey the percentage of males and females involved in substance abuse could be better presented using pie chart. Each gender would be represented by each segment of the pie chart. A bar graph consists of vertical and horizontal bars whose lengths indicate the magnitude of the data. In this research, the bar graph would be appropriate in representing the amount of substance abused or the popularity of the substance. The frequency or the amount of substance would be placed on the vertical axis while the type of substance would be on the horizontal axis. The trend of change between the drinking age and the years could be well captured in by line graph. This would be done by plotting the average age against the year. By doing so, the relationship between age the year would be

Expanding Internationally Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Expanding Internationally - Assignment Example Through a related diversification strategy, a company may be able to leverage competence in one market in order to achieve competence and competitiveness in the other markets. Thus, evaluating the list of the company’s products for relatedness among the products yields positive results. The company may employ related diversification using two products; luggage and color televisions. This implies that the other products (writing instruments and miscellaneous plastic and paper tags) fail to qualify as part of related diversification. As outlined in the definition, related diversification calls for a company’s engagement in different products with regard to the existence of a certain level of connection in operations pertaining to the products selected (Griffin and Pustay, 2010; Neelankavil, 2007). Thus, both luggage and color televisions represent a luxury nature of business operations. This implies that both products are geared towards meeting the client needs of comfort and luxury. On the other hand, writing instruments and miscellaneous plastic and paper tags do not contribute significantly to the creation of a luxury and comfort oriented product. This, in turn, disqualifies the employment of both products in a luxury oriented line of business. Therefore, in order to employ a related diversification business strategy, the company has to focus on the production and distribution of both color televisions and luggage solutions to local and international market audiences. In a bid to expand internationally, China and South Africa offer a potential opportunity for the company’s business expansion. This is owed to numerous reasons. For instance, both China and South Africa represent a significant share of the company’s revenues (Kyambalesa, 2004). In addition, both China and South Africa represent one of the most rapidly developing economies in the world and are on course to being significant players in the consumption of certain products in the future. This is owed to the rapid development processes being undertaken in these regions which create numerous job opportunities while increasing cash flow circulation. Thus, the regions represent a rich hub for luxury-oriented businesses such as the businesses undertaken by the company. Therefore, China offers a strategic entry point into the world of technology and color TV production. On the other hand, South Africa provides the company with the most convenient entry point into the African continent. Being a highly developed country, South Africa has the necessary and conducive infrastructure for effective international business relations. Moreover, the existence of a favorable Chinese-African partnership underlines the convenience of this decision as a strategic and international expansion measure for the company. However, the expansion process of the company will rely on a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) process as the most convenient mode of entry into other markets. As a result, the desired FDI strategy for expansion would be acquisition. This is because an acquisition strategy would provide the company with immediate and direct entry into the desired foreign markets (Griffin and Pustay, 2010; Neelankavil, 2007). Moreover, through an acquisition program, the company would be able to oversee operations of the independent subsidiary companies

Finding the Gravitational Constant: Cavendish Experiment

Finding the Gravitational Constant: Cavendish Experiment Matt Cramb    The experiment explored the story of gravity, how it was discovered and derived from observations and experimentations, and attempted to recreate those initial tests. This was done to determine whether an increase in mass will increase the force of gravity, a statement which was supported by the experimental data, despite the numerous flaws inherent in the experimental design. Finding Gravity Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and Nave, R (2017) also explains that it is the force responsible for constructing and regulating the movement of galaxies, stars, and planets. In 1687, Isaac Newton formulated his famous Equation of Universal Gravitation based, purported by Physics Classroom (2016), on an injury in an apple orchard. Whatever the circumstances, it had far reaching impacts on the science of the time. But something crucial was missing from his equation. Newton knew from scientists before him that the force exerted by gravity grew weaker as distance between objects affected by gravity increased, or represented mathematically; Where: This was nothing new for science of the time, but Newtons major discovery was that of the universality of gravity, which indicated that all objects which possess mass also exerted gravitational forces. This discovery led to another addition to the equation, because Kurtus, R (2016) reports Newton realized that objects with less mass exerted weaker gravitational forces. Therefore, he postulated that; Where: To convert this theory into an equation, Newton only needed one more piece. A constant was needed to calculate the exact gravitational forces on objects. This constant was called the gravitational constant, or G. In the equation, G presents as follows: However, the value for G wasnt found until much later, by Lord Henry Cavendish, over a century later.       The Cavendish Experiment In Cavendishs experiment, according to Shectman, J (2003) two spheres were attached at opposite ends of a beam which is suspended from the ceiling of a custom-built shed by a thin wire. Masses are placed to the sides of the spheres, to attract them, exerting gravitational forces sufficient to rotate the beam to a measurable degree. Cavendish measured the movement of the beam using a telescope positioned far from the shed. To use this apparatus to calculate G, a formula must be created, using torque, oscillation period, torsion constant, inertia and gravitational forces. The torque on the beam can be measured by the angle of deflection of the torsion wire, using Hookes Law: Where: However, torque can also be measured by the following expression: Where: Torque can also be calculated as a vector product with this equation: Where: And because, in this experimental setup, r and F are perpendicular vectors, there are two F, and r is half the length of the beam: Combining these two formula together results in the following: From Newton, the formula for force was also known, and could be substituted in from above. The torsion constant was measured by Cavendish by disturbing the beam, then measuring the period of oscillation. This can be done using the below equation. Where: This moment of inertia can be calculated from the sum moments of the two spheres at each end of the beam. The moment of inertia for each sphere is calculated by the equation: Since each sphere had equal mass, the total I is equal to: Inserting this into the period formula and rearranging for the torsion coefficient gives: When inserted into the formula for torsion coefficient above, gives the following: With this equation, the measurements needed to be taken from the experimental apparatus are: Variable: Explanation: Units: m Rad m kg s Using the experimental setup described above, according to Kurtus, R (1997) Cavendish determined: Preliminary Trials Failed Attempts For this experiment, two previous iterations of the experiment were run. The first was to determine the validity of running such an experiment, and the second was a full-scale experiment which provided no useful data. The first experiment was done using a meter-long beam and tennis balls attached to either end. A laser beam reflected off a mirror attached to the torsion wire, giving a result of angle. However, in practice, this rig did not come to a final resting position so that the period of oscillation could be measured. Instead the torque already present in the twine torsion wire twisted the beam against a chair leg, preventing it from fully coming to a balance of forces. The second experiment had results as follows: Variable: Explanation: Units: Results: m 1.25ÃÆ'-101 Rad 9.0ÃÆ'-10-2 m 1.765 kg 1.6 s 2.25ÃÆ'-102 m3kg-1s-2 2.419ÃÆ'-102 The value for G calculated by this experiment was vastly different to Cavendishs value of . This meant the experiment was concluded to be not statistically valid, for a variety of reasons. These experiments were refined and transformed into the final experimental setup. Theoretical Data Using Newtons formula for each of the three experiments which will be conducted can determine the value for . To do this, the masses and distance must be known ahead of time. These can be found below, and copied in the results section. OBJECT MASS (kg) Mass of Sinkers Mass of Cup 1 Mass of Cup 2 Mass of Bowling Pins Using Cavendishs above listed value of G, the projected data can be calculated. MASS (kg) FORCE OF GRAVITY ( Later, these will be compared with the experimental data. Based on the above background research, the magnitude of gravity in the system will increase proportional to an increase in the mass of the large masses. Or, as increases, will proportionally increase. This hypothesis has been supported by the background research, which has guided its creation through empirical data, and researched phenomena. However, because of the precision required to obtain an accurate result, research indicates the final calculated measurement for G will be vastly different from the real value. 25.5cm support beam12cm length of fishing line2x sinkers of mass 3.28g2x plastic cups2x bowling pins of mass 1.6kg1x stopwatch1x ruler1x camera1x plastic storage box approx. 70cm x 40cm 1m2 wire mesh Safety Before the experiment was conducted, a thorough risk assessment planner was completed and approved. Measures were taken to ensure no harm came to experimenter through heavy masses falling or water causing a slipping hazard. These measures included: Constant supervision Correct and appropriate use of safety equipment, which in this experiment meant wearing a lab coat throughout Safe handling of heavy masses and water. A risk assessment matrix provided by the Department of Education (2017) was also completed. Likelihood Consequence Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Critical Almost Certain Medium Medium High Extreme Extreme Likely Low Medium High High Extreme Possible Low Medium High High High Unlikely Low Low Medium Medium High Rare Low Low Low Low Medium The likelihood of injury was unlikely, as experimenter has previous experience. The consequence was also minor, indicating injuries not requiring medical attention (i.e. bruises, minor cuts). Therefore, the total risk was low, which indicates no further control measures need be put into place. However, in due diligence the above measures were still implemented. Procedure Firstly, to limit air flow; a major disturbance in the preliminary trials, the system was constructed inside a large plastic storage container. This container was placed a distance away from walls, to reduce the effects of other gravity sources. Then, two sinkers, whose masses were known, were attached to either end of a support beam, which was hung from the top of the box by a length of fishing line. This was suspended by the wire mesh atop the box. The fishing line was chosen as twine had been used in preliminary trials as the torsion wire, and had been shown to not be effective due to the latent torque. After letting the system come to a complete rest, it was disturbed by gently pushing one end of the support beam. The period of oscillation was measured by a stopwatch. To further reduce misrepresentation of data, six measurements were taken and averaged. The system was then allowed to come to rest again, and a measurement of the rest position taken by a camera from above. This would eliminate the need to reach into the box to take measurements and thus disturb the experiment. It also provided clearer results. Then, the two cups were introduced to the system 6.25cm away from the end of the support beam, at opposing sides and ends, so the attractive forces of the masses rotated the beam. The cups were initially filled with 250g of water, then 500g, then the cups were swapped with the 1.6kg bowling pins. Each iteration of the experiment, when the system came to rest for a third time, a measurement of the final rest position was taken using the camera. This data was recorded and processed by comparing photographs of the different rest positions and calculating angle of deflection. The results were then tabulated. Images of the experimental setup. Mass OBJECT MASS (kg) Mass of Sinkers Mass of Cup 1 Mass of Cup 2 Mass of Bowling Pins Period of Oscillation TEST NUMBER PERIOD (s) 1 20 2 22 3 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 Avg. 21 Rest Position TEST NUMBER MASSES USED ANGLE OF DEFLECTION (Rad) 1 No mass used 0.00 2 Cup 1 9.65 3 Cup 2 3.31 4 Bowling Pins 1.00 OTHER Data Variable: Explanation: Units: Results: m 0.0625 m 0.255 Magnitude of Gravity Using Newtons formula for each of the three experiments will determine the value for . Firstly, the value for G for each equation must be calculated. MASS (kg) VALUE OF G ( Now the force for gravity can be calculated. MASS (kg) FORCE OF GRAVITY ( findings The experiment shows that using Cavendishs method to determine the value for G was flawed, but that the experiment could have obtained an accurate value for G. These flaws will be examined below, but a basic rundown and description of data obtained will be given here. Magnitude of Gravity As can be seen by the graph at the end of the results section, the magnitudes of gravity measured do not accurately match the theoretical data obtained. These values, and the values for G, are vastly different to that originally measured by Cavendish (found in background research), likely because of the various flaws in the experimental design, which will be discussed in the Evaluation section. However, the results far more accurately correlate to the theoretical values than those in previous experiments, and the average trendlines do indicate that the trend matches that predicted. At 250g, the first mass, the experimental data differs wildly from the theoretical. Experimental Data Theoretical Data At 500g, the second mass, it drastically spikes, much higher than either of the other points. Experimental Data Theoretical Data At 1600g, the final point, the data dips down lower than expected again. Experimental Data Theoretical Data Its unclear from the background research conducted whether Cavendishs data deviated so much, but he also had a larger rig, which as discussed below, may have helped his experiments accuracy. Period of Oscillation The average period measured was 21 seconds, which is far shorter than the fifteen minutes measured by Cavendish. This is probably mostly due to the shorter beam, the effect of which can be seen with the torsion coefficient formula derived from the background research. The squared length of the beam demonstrates an exponential relationship between the torsion coefficient, an increase in which will decrease the period, which can be seen in the following formula for period of oscillation: Recording Equipment The equipment used to measure the period of oscillation may not have changed in the two hundred years since Cavendishs original experiment, however all other recording equipment did. A camera and digital analysis was used to take measurements, which may have causes slight issues with the orientation of frames in the software, but overall was more accurate than taking the measurements by hand when compared to the preliminary tests when this was done. The lengths were taken with a tape, and so were only calculated to two decimal places. However, this will likely not impact greatly on the results of the experiment, which can be shown mathematically. Using the same formula as above, and two length measurements as given below, the difference can be theorised. cm Value for k K (2 decimal places) Length 1 (two decimal places) (given by experiment) 6.25 2.35497 2.35 Length 2 (six decimal places) 6.247832 2.35334 2.35 Limitations Recommendations There are several reasons for why the value for G determined by this experiment differed so greatly from Cavendishs value, and these expose various flaws and strengths in the original design. They will be examined each using the following method: Name Explanation of Flaw Effects Comparison to Preliminary Trials Comparison to Cavendish Experiment Recommendation/Refinement Measuring Inaccuracies Various opportunities for error arose when observing and recording data in the experiment. Most of these examples, such as misreporting the period of oscillation by a fraction, would have a m Ethical Issues in Patient Information | Case Study Ethical Issues in Patient Information | Case Study Peeking in the EMR for all the right reasons Patrick Bobst Technology has embedded itself into everyday life and is integrated into everyday human activity. Corporate scandals, violations of intellectual property rights, and violations of customer, patient, employee privacy is uncovering challenging dilemmas and ethical decision-making in every the industry around the globe. Technological advancements not only increase the impact of carelessness, foolishness, recklessness and even malevolence but also enable anyone with access to learn much more and much faster than ever before(Curtain, 2005). Ethics enables individuals with the guidance of rational approaches to make the right justifiable decision. Ethical choices distinguished from other choices involve the continual conflict of fundamental values, as well as incorporating scientific inquiry that may be influential but cannot provide answers(Curtain, 2005). Most notably, ethical choices involve placing one value above another, and because values are of the utmost importance, any decision r eached will have profound, multiple and often on anticipated impact on human concern(Curtain, 2005). Case study Jessica Parker is a nurse that has the burdening task to solely support her three small children and is in severe financial distress since her divorce. Her ex-husband, Frank Parker has evaded court ordered child support obligations for over a year and has been able to evade authorities with no known address or phone number. Jessica’s house is about to be foreclosed upon, and her automobile repossessed. Although Jessica periodically picks up extra shifts, utilizes friends instead of childcare, and despite making multiple drastic cuts to her budget, she is unable to overcome the perils of increasing debt. One day a friend that informs her that Frank Parker received stitches in her emergency department after a minor motor vehicle accident (MVA). The next day she worked Jessica looked up her ex-husband in the EMR and proceeded to gather his needed contact information. Jessica immediately passes along the phone number, living address and employment information to her attorney which in turn succeeded in the actions of court ordered child support payments being automatically garnished from his wages along with a judgment for past due child support in an amount that will stabilize her current debt. Ethical dilemma When a couple chooses the responsibilities of being a parent, it is a commitment for life whether they are living together or separately. Jessica is in a stressful environment where she holds the custody of the children and the other parent is legally obligated to provide financial support to ensure a safe and healthy environment for the children. Jessica is clearly struggling financially and the situation will continue to worsen without the court ordered child support from ex-husband. She solved the dilemma of finding her ex-husband’s whereabouts by utilizing the hospitals EMR. By utilizing the EMR in an inappropriate manner, Jessica violated multiple provisions of the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics including provision 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. These provisions stipulate the patient’s right to privacy, the duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information, and the protection of participants in research(Nursing World website, 2011). A breach of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) may have been committed under the privacy rule where â€Å"patients have a right to expect privacy protections that limit the use and disclosure of their health information†(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012, p. 173). â€Å"However, the privacy rule permits unauthorized disclosures of protected health information to public health authorities for specified public health activities including†¦. child abuse or neglect†(Lee Gostin, 2009, p. 82). Possible Alternatives At the point when Jessica suspected her husband might have been in the EMR system, an alternate path might be (1) hiring a private investigator. The ex-husbands MVA is a matter of police public record and private investigators are trained and have the resources to find information in ways others might not think about; (2) contact the local child support enforcement agency with the information of the MVA; (3) contact her attorney for a medical record subpoena. Hypothesize Ethical Arguments In this scenario, Jessica showed a clear breach to hospital policy, statutory and common-law duties of confidentiality and privacy. However, Jessica’s morals were dealing with the resolution of what is right and wrong in her own situation creating the dilemma of what is morally right and not looking at the evidence that indicates that she is also morally wrong. Depending on the discipline and point of view, the term value can have different meanings. Jessica’s objective moral values may include justice, freedom and welfare, which might be her basis for decision-making. The welfarism normative ethical approach applies to Jessica situation where morality is viewed and centrally concerned with the welfare or well-being of individuals, and where advancing the best interests of individuals makes the most fundamental sense(Keller, 2009). The ethical theoretical Principlistic approach validates itself with its universally recognized moral principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence , beneficence, and justice(Bulger, 2009). Autonomy considers the right of the individual to choose for themselves, nonmaleficence asserts an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally, beneficence refers to actions performed that contribution to the welfare of others, and justice refers to the fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to a person(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). â€Å"Principlism is a unified moral approach in which the addition of each principal strengthens the legitimacy of each of the other principles to the extent that each principal is specified and balanced using independent criteria and yet each principal still supports each of the other principles†(Bulger, 2009, p. 121). In Jessica’s scenario she might consider that it is generally morally right to obtain her ex-husbands contact information in the EMR because this action obeys the role moral rule what is due or owed which in turn is derived from the principal justi ce. The crux of the dilemma lies within Jessica’s responsibility of providing her family a safe and healthy environment with financial stability, her utilization of the hospitals EMR balanced with her ex-husband’s medical record confidentiality rights. Investigate, Compare, and Evaluate Alternatives to him In Jessica’s case, there is no ambiguity in our nursing code of ethics when it comes to maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality. All the alternative methods provided to pursue the coveted contact information are the only acceptable legal pathways. These alternative methods safeguard patient rights, do not violate policy and laws, do not result in bad consequences, nor do they nullify rules and regulations. Each alternative provides expected outcomes that far exceed the risk of harm that include â€Å"civil liability, job loss, disciplinary action by state licensing boards, and even criminal investigations and sanctions†(Hader Brown, 2010, p. 270). Chosen alternative Simply from a financial standpoint the alternative chosen for Jessica would be to contact the local child support services agency. Hiring a private investigator or attorney can be cost prohibitive especially with her financial difficulties. Conclusion From nursing school until retirement, nurses are taught there is no leeway when it comes to HIPAA’s integrity and confidentiality of patient information. A problem with ethics is the logic of reasoning being used in moral deliberation and moral justification(Reidl, Wagner, Rauhala, 2005). Jessica’s deliberation of moral reasoning resorted from weighting only the positive self-fulfilling gain and omitted possible alternatives in her morally perplexing situation as well as her personal reasons in moral justification. Principlists consider principles to be at the heart of moral life negotiating between the four fundamental principles and the unique nature of specific moral situations on the other(McCarthy, 2003). With the technological advancements in today’s society the ethical questions evolve around how individuals choose to use or abuse their tools. Healthcare informatics intersects healthcare, ethics and informatics and all practitioners, for the publicâ€℠¢s good, must be bound by additional ethical, moral, and legal responsibilities (Curtain, 2005). Barrie Effy (2008), conclude in their study that ethical education in information technology changed attitudes and aided students in affective learning, an important and necessary component in the overall learning process(Barrie Effy, 2008). References Barrie, L., Effy, O. (2008). Ethical issues in information technology: Does education make a difference. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 4(2), 67-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2008040106 Bulger, J. W. (2009). An approach towards applying principlism. Ethics Medicine, 25, 125-125. Curtain, L. L. (2005). Ethics in informatics. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 29, 349-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006216-200510000-00010 Hader, A., Brown, E. (2010). Patient privacy and social media. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 78, 270-274. Retrieved from http://www.aana.com/newsandjournal/Documents/legbrfs_0810_p270-274.pdf Keller, S. (2009). Welfarism. Philosophy Compass, 4(1), 82-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00196.x Lee, L., Gostin, L. (2009). Ethical collection, storage, and use of public health data: A proposal for a national privacy protection. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(1), 82-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.958 McCarthy, J. (2003). Principlism or narrative ethics: must we choose between them? Medical Humanities, 29(2), 65-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/mh.29.2.65 McGonigle, D., Mastrian, K. G. (2012). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Nursing World website. (2011). http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics.pdf Reidl, C., Wagner, I., Rauhala, M. (2005). Examining ethical issues of IT in healthcare. Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/act4hlth/pub/working/Ethical-Issues.pdf

Computer Fraud – an Analysis on Oracle Corp vs. Sap Ag

Information system has been playing a grave essential role in daily business activities. Over the past decade, the detection rate of computer crimes concerning information system attacks has risen sharply. According to Kunz and Wilson (2004), reported computer crimes have been septupled from 2000 to 2003 and leads to inestimable economic loss. Therefore, themes on information security, especially the prevention of computer fraud, have attracted increasingly attentions (Romney and Steinbart, 2009). However, it seems that perpetrators can always find new techniques to theft invaluable business secrets stored, processed or protected by those information systems. Moreover, some abuse techniques have been used in economic espionage, which causes a yearly loss of $250 billion (ibid). Oracle Corp vs. SAP AG could be one of the relating cases occurred in the recent 2007 and is not yet closed till present. This essay will firstly introduce the Case. Then by using Fraud Triangle, analyze the reason of SAP’s commitment of computer fraud and data theft. Finally, suggestions on how to improve the security of company’s information system will be addressed with some reflections of the Case. It has been reported that the world’s software giant SAP AG was sued by its largest competitor, Oracle Corporation, for computer fraud and data theft in March 2007 (Anon, 2010). In the Complaint, Oracle Corporation (2007) stated that in November 2006, unusual heavy download activities were spotted on Customer Connection, a website Oracle used to serve its customers. The uncovered access originated from an IP address in one of SAP’s braches with log-in IDs of PeopleSoft and J. D. Edwards customers. It is discovered later that TomorrowNow and SAP TN, two SAP subsidiaries, committed a series of unauthorized access to Oracle’s customer service system and more than 10,000 illegal download activities. Mass of important materials, including copyrighted software codes and confidential documents was theft. In this way, SAP was capable of establishing a service library for PeopleSoft and J. D. Edwards products, and launched a marketing campaign to snatch Oracle’s customers. The fraud resulted in Oracle’s 120 copyrights infringed and posed the threats of losing 358 customers (Kawamoto, 2007). On 24 November 2010, the U. S. Federal District Court for Northern California announced that Oracle won the Case with SAP liable for $1. 3 billion compensation. As Slappendel (2010) points out, this is the largest amount ever awarded in copyright infringement cases. The core reason may lies that the verdict is based upon the fair market value of the licenses for utilizing those resources instead of Oracle’s profit loss. After the verdict, SAP’s stock price has been falling significantly and TomorrowNow had to be shut down (Anon, 2011; Team, 2010). Although SAP accepted the liability and apologized for its inappropriate behavior, the company has been arguing that the penalty was contrary to the reality of the damage caused by the fraud (Margan, 2011). It is also reported that SAP has filed motions to the Court and therefore SAP’s computer fraud case does not seem to end at present. The action of data theft has brought unnecessary troubles to both SAP and Oracle. In order to prevent computer fraud effectively, it is essential to fully examine the reason of SAP’s behavior. Fraud Triangle will be used as an analysis tool. It is estimated by Romney and Steinbart (2009) that Fraud Triangle consists of the three normal conditions for fraud to occur: pressures, opportunities and rationalizations. Figure 1 shown below is a brief summary of Fraud Triangle in the Case. 5. Homely meals in software industry FIGURE 1 FRAUD TRIANGLE OF SAP Pressure Opportunity Rationalization 2. Oracle’s insufficient security management 4. Theft by other companies (i. e. Siebel Systems) before 1. Financial – fierce competition in the market 3. Few evidence – may not be spotted Firstly, SAP is probably under the severe pressure of maintaining the top one throne in the software market. During the last decade, competition between Oracle and SAP has greatly increased and the rivalry has developed into a feud. Particularly in 2004, Oracle began a series of acquisitions, aiming at increasing the share of enterprise applications market, where SAP owned the leadership (PeopleSoft, 2011). After realizing the seriousness, SAP fighted back by offering special discounts to woo customers, and thus a cruel price battle initiated. However, the strategy did not seem to rescue much, SAP’s market share remains downward sloping (Team, 2010). Currently, Oracle and SAP are vying for the third-party enterprise software support and maintenance market. The enormous pressure of winning may contribute to the commitment of computer fraud, especially for spying the business secrets of the largest competitor. The following two external conditions may possibly be linked to SAP’s unwise actions: Oracle’s insufficient security management and an opportunity to conceal the fraud. Oracle has provided the Customer Connection as a supplementary of its service to the customers. However, the semi-open system, which stores countless precious information, does not appear to be equipped with superior security management techniques. A huge defect exists that allows easy access to resources supposed to be protected from outsiders. In terms of the flaw, Oracle may be partially liable of its loss. Even though Oracle’s detection of abnormal access is relatively sensitive, it could not take a step ahead of the crime. Besides, Oracle’s dependence on service website offers the probability to conceal fraud, since comparably less evidence would be left for detection. With technology improvement, computer fraud may become far more difficult to spot in the future (The National Fraud Center, Inc. , 2000). Moreover, the experience of being a casualty of computer crimes might have lifted SAP’s rationalization of being a perpetrator. It is recorded that in 1999, SAP filed a lawsuit against Siebel Systems and claimed of being a victim of the so-called White Collar Crime (Kawamoto, 2007). Additionally, it may be reasonable to recognize the fact that most people in software industries regard the occurrence of computer fraud as homely meals, because almost all businesses in this market have grabbed some most advanced computer techniques, together with some abuse techniques obviously. As a result, SAP’s fraud behavior may not be that severe in the eyes of the decision makers. Hence, accelerate the germination of computer crimes. After fully assessment of why SAP may err, suggestions on how to improve the security of enterprise’s information system will be addressed with reflections of the Case. In the perspective of prevention, several control methods could be considered to raise the security capability of the enterprise’s information systems. First of all, persuade or enforce all employees, even the customers, to use strong password to access to company’s database or service websites (Standler, 2007). Requirement of password changes at regular time intervals would be necessary to prevent some former employees of customers’ company from entering the system, which may exactly Oracle needs. Secondly, restrict physical and remote access to system resources unless the both the log-in ID and IP address are authorized (Backhouse and Dhillon, 1995). Thirdly, safeguard and double encrypt all data and programs. For example, materials on the Customer Connection could be double encrypted so that without further encoding, the downloaded materials would remain useless for non-employees or non-customers. Besides, techniques such as anti-virus software and firewall could to some extent protect the system from worms and viruses attack. Although using the above prevention method could avoid some dispensable loss, perpetrators penetrate everywhere (Romney and Steinbart, 2009). Therefore, an efficient detection system should be ready for any possible incidences. The establishment of a fraud hotline is recommended, which contains the employment of computer security officers, consultants and forensic specialists. The control system will be engaged in monitoring all malicious actions and reporting back as soon as possible. In the Case, Oracle took advantage of its superior detection system and made SAP’s fraud evidence traceable and suppressible (Oracle Corporation, 2007). Despite prevention and detection, there are other preparations could be made ahead of the arrival of any disasters with the intention of reducing the loss caused by computer fraud (Kunz and Wilson, 2004). These routines mainly concern insurance application, recovery plans constitution, material back-up within the whole information system. Furthermore, timely crime reporting to the government crime center and effectively legislative tool using might be helpful for retrieving fairly compensations from perpetrators, as it has been done by Oracle Corporation in the Case. Some ERP market analysts even suspect that the Lawsuit could be a sort of Oracle’s strategy to decrease the competition in the third-party enterprise software maintenance and support market. Whatever the original purpose is, Oracle has achieved benefit from winning the Lawsuit for the current period. To conclude, SAP’s situation has satisfied all of the three conditions presented in Fraud Triangle, some of which heavily depend on industrial environment as well as the design of Oracle’s information system. Thus, objectively, SAP may not liable for all the censure, though it really has been occupied in illicit competition using computer fraud. Oracle could be considered partially responsible for its loss and the sentenced $1. 3 billion seems somewhat too cruel for SAP to bear. Although some experts may argue that the breach of intellectual property is unforgivable culpable negligence, it looks possible for the Court to adjust the amount of penalty towards a more realistic number. Since the next round hearings will not start until July 2011, all the outcomes remain unpredictable (Margan, 2011). It is undeniable that, however, computer fraud could bring about huge losses for the entire society, especially when it is used in economic espionage. In the speeding advancing information century, nearly all of the impossible could be made possible. Consequently, it seems that only the creation of a healthy competition environment, emphasis on business ethics and proper education may aid in bringing down the upward climbing computer crime rate. REFERENCE Anon. (2007) SAP-We Will Aggressively Defend Against Oracle‘s Claims [online]. Ziff Davis Media, United Press International. Available at: [30 April 2011] Anon. (2010) Oracle Awarded $1. 3bn In SAP Data Theft Case [online] 24 November. BBC News. Available at: [28 April 2011] Anon. (2011) SAP Posts Sharp Profit Drop Due To Oracle Lawsuit [online] 26 January. Available at: [29 April 2011] Backhouse,J. and Dhillon,G. (1995) Managing Computer Crime – A Research Outlook [online]. Computer and Security: 14(1995) 645-651. A vailable at: [29 April 2011] Granick,J. S. (n. d. ) Faking It: Calculating Loss In Computer Crime Sentencing [online]. Available at: [1 May 2011] Kawamoto,D. (2007) Oracle Sues SAP On Spying Charges [online] 22 March. CNET News. Available at: [28 April 2011] Kunz,M and Wilson,P. (2004) Computer Crime And Computer Fraud [online]. Available at: [1 May 2011] Margan,T. P. (2011) Oracle, SAP Still Going At It Over TomorrowNow [online] 28 February. Available at: [29 April 2011] Niccolai,J. (2010) SAP: Court Lops $500M Off Oracle’s Potential Damages [online] November. IDG News. Available at: [1 May 2011] Oracle Corporation (2007) Oracle Vs. SAP Lawsuit Complaint [online]. Available at: [28 April 2011] Panorama Consulting Group. (2010) Clash Of The Titans: An Independent Comparison Of SAP Vs. Oracle [online]. Available at: [10 April 2011] PeopleSoft (2011) Oracle vs. SAP [online] 1 May. Available at: [1 May 2011] Romney,M. B. and Steinbart,P. J. 2009) Accounting Information Systems, 11th Ed. Pearson Prentice Hall. Shaw,E. et al. (n. d. ) The Insider Threat To Information Systems: The Psychology Of The Dangerous Insider [online]. Security Awareness Bulletin: No. 2-98. Available at: [29 April 2011] Slappendel,S. (2010) Oracle v. SAP: Highest Damages Awarded For A Copyright Infringement Lawsuit [online]. Available at: [28 April 2011] Standler,R. B. (2007) Tips For Avoiding Computer Crime [online] 25 November. Available at: [29 April 2011] Team,T. (2010) SAP-Oracle Lawsuit Could Weigh On SAP Market Share, Stock Price [online] 14 December. Available at: [29 April 2011] The National Fraud Center, Inc. (2000) The Growing Global Threat Of Economic And Cyber Crime [online] December. Available at: [1 May 2011] APPENDIX: A COPY OF THE NEWS REPORT Oracle awarded $1. 3bn in SAP data theft case 24 November 2010 Last updated at 07:32 GMT Oracle chief executive Larry Ellison testified during the case European software giant SAP has been ordered by a Californian court to pay US rival Oracle $1. 3bn (? 820m) after losing a data theft case. The case revolved around customer-support documents and software stolen by SAP's subsidiary TomorrowNow. Oracle alleged that the German company intended to use the data to poach the 358 customers involved, and demanded $1. 65bn compensation. SAP had claimed it owed only $40m, but the jury decided in Oracle's favour. SAP said it was disappointed with the jury's decision and would look to challenge the verdict. [We will] pursue all available options, including post-trial motions and appeal if necessary,† it said in a statement. It did, however, reiterate that it had made a mistake: â€Å"We regret the actions of TomorrowNow, we have accepted liability, and have been willing to fairly compensate Oracle†. ‘Big dreams' Oracle co-president Safra Catz expressed her satisfa ction with the verdict: â€Å"For more than three years, SAP stole thousands of copies of Oracle software and then resold that software and related services to Oracle's own customers. â€Å"The trial made it clear that SAP's most senior executives